Kemi Badenoch cites Brexit as ‘shock’ to UK
A 2018 Whitehall study estimated that leaving the EU customs union was responsible for about 1 per cent of lost GDP, according to John Springford of the Centre for European Reform think-tank. However, he cautioned that re-forming a customs union with the EU would not necessarily recoup all of those losses, given the lasting impact of Brexit on investment in critical industries such as carmaking.